Education [A-C]
Ability grouping
The instructional practice of grouping students according to their academic skills. School-based (or between class) grouping, also known as tracking creates entire classrooms with students of similar ability; within-class grouping forms groups of students of similar ability within an individual classroom.
Accommodation
A change in how information is presented, or an alteration in how a test is administered (such as orally or in a different format) or test-taker is permitted to respond. Accommodations are made to take into account various learning and testing differences among students in order to provide equal opportunity to demonstrate knowledge or understanding.
Active reading
A manner of reading in which the reader is mentally engaged with a text and reads for comprehension and criticism as well as reads selectively and with a purpose.
Aesthetic education
Education that recognizes the interconnectedness of body, mind, emotions, and spirit. Enabling students to express perceptions, feelings and ideas through reflective shaping of media including paint, clay, music, spoken or written words, and bodies in movement.
Asperger's syndrome
Disorder similar to but distinct from autism, marked by abnormal social interaction but comparatively high language skills.
Assimilation
The process whereby minority groups adapt to and accept the linguistic, cultural, and behavioral norms of the dominant culture in a society.
Autism
Disorder characterized by abnormal social interaction and communication.
Automaticity
A skill performed spontaneously with little or no conscious attention to its execution. Automaticity of word recognition frees attention for comprehension.
Banking model of education
Model of education in which teachers "deposit" information and skills into students. The emphasis is on memorization of basic facts rather than on understanding and critical thinking. The idea of the banking model was articulated and critiqued by Brazilian liberation theologist Paulo Freire in Pedagogy of the Oppressed (1970).
Behaviorism
Theory that human behavior and learning are guided and controlled by external stimuli (from the environment) as opposed to internal psychological processes (in the mind). Learning occurs when students are given a stimulus (such as a question or request) that results in a response. Positive reinforcements, or rewards, follow appropriate responses; punishments or negative reinforcements follow inappropriate responses.
Bilingual education
Classes taught in a combination of a students’ first language and English, geared toward helping student with limited English proficiency (LEP) become proficient in English as a second language (ESL). Students in bilingual programs receive part of their daily instruction in English and part in a second language. Significant portions of the school day are devoted to ESL instruction, in which each student receives intensive assistance in learning English.
Bipolar disorder
Disorder characterized by periods of depression or irritability alternating with periods of mania.
Bloom's taxonomy
Classification system developed in 1956 by education psychologist Benjamin Bloom to categorize intellectual skills and behavior important to learning. Bloom identified six cognitive levels: knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation, with sophistication growing from basic knowledge recall skills to the highest level, evaluation.
Canon
A collection of works recognized as an authoritative list or standard of intellectual and cultural traditions. The literary canon, for example, represents a collection of works deemed to represent exemplars of quality in literature.
Centers
Instructional and organizational strategy in which groups of students rotate through various work stations in the classroom, each with a different learning task or goal. Centers present students with a variety of activities and supply necessary resources and materials to meet the learning task. Centers may have a developmental or educational focus.
Charter school
A public school of choice, usually created by parents or educators seeking an alternative to traditional public schools. Developers create a contract, or charter, with a sponsoring agency (either state or local school board). In exchange for autonomy from many state and district requirements, charter schools are expected to offer financial responsibility, academic accountability for student performance, as well as innovative and challenging educational practices.
Cloze activity
Fill-in-the-blank activity used to assess reading comprehension.
Cognitive academic language proficiency (CALP)
Academic language students experience in school. CALP develops over a five to seven year period in the language acquisition of English (or foreign) language learners.
Collaborative learning
An umbrella term for the variety of approaches and models in education that involve the shared intellectual efforts by students working in small groups to accomplish a goal or complete a task.
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