Education [C-E]
Competency goals
Learning objectives that form the basis for expected student understanding. Competency goals drive curriculum and instruction and describe the core of knowledge and skills students will command upon completion of a unit of study or grade level.
Concept map
An organizational strategy or tool that represents knowledge in visual form (such as a graph or diagram). Concept mapping facilitates student understanding of the relationships between keywords or concepts through visual representations.
Constructivism
Theory of learning that argues that students construct their own knowledge by incorporating new information with prior knowledge.
Cooperative learning
Instructional method in which students work together in small, heterogeneous groups to complete a problem, project, or other instructional goal, while teachers act as guides or facilitators. This method works to reinforce the learning of oneself as well as the learning of group members.
Cultural capital
Cultural assets (beyond the economic) such as family background and commitment to education that contribute to an individual's or group's position in society and achievement in education.
Curriculum
The organization of subject matter to be taught over a prescribed period of time.
Depression
Condition characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and inadequacy. Students with depression may show a decline in academic performance, seem sad or irritable, lack energy, or no longer take pleasure in activities they used to enjoy.
Didactic instruction
Teacher-centered method of instruction in which teachers deliver and students receive lessons, best suited to brief delivery of factual information.
Differentiation
Instructional practice of tailoring a curriculum to diverse learners based on student readiness, interest, and learning styles.
Discovery learning
Learning that takes place, not through instruction, but through examination, analysis, or experimentation.
Discrete mathematics
A branch of mathematics that focuses on the study of objects and ideas that can be divided into separated or discontinuous parts.
Distance education
Instructional delivery option that takes advantage of various space or technology resources. Distance education enhances options for students to access educational resources to overcome geographic, mobility, or time constraints.
Dysgraphia
A neurologically-based learning disability characterized by distorted or incorrect formation of written words and symbols.
Dyslexia
A neurologically-based learning disability in which students have difficulties accurately recognizing and decoding written symbols, resulting in poor comprehension of written text and numeric sequences and difficulties with spelling.
Emergent reader
Child on the path to fluent literacy, before conventional reading and writing skills emerge. Emergent readers demonstrate alphabet knowledge, a concept of what a word is, a sense of story (beginning, middle, end), listening and retelling skills, phonemic awareness, and verbal expression.
End-of-course test (EOC)
Tests given in North Carolina at the end of high school courses to assess competencies defined by the North Carolina Standard Course of Study. Tests are administered during the last ten days of an academic year.
English as a foreign language (EFL)
The study of English by non-native speakers or the teaching of English to such learners.
English as a second language (ESL)
Designation for students whose native language is not English or for programs designed to teach such students. As a method of instruction, ESL usually involves pulling students out of the regular classroom for English instruction.
English language learners (ELL)
Students (in U.S. schools) whose native language is other than English working to master English. They may be immigrants or children born in the United States. Usually such students receive bilingual education or English as a second language services.
Equity
A state of educational fairness, justice, and impartiality in which all children receive a high-quality education and have equal access to services. Equity implies a state of sameness and uniformity of opportunity. Of special consideration are those students who have been denied access in the past, including minorities, female students, and students with special needs.
Exceptional children (EC)
Designation for students who have different educational needs than the average child. Many children in exceptional children's (EC) programs have physical, mental, or social disabilities, but in North Carolina academically gifted children are also classified as EC.
Extrinsic motivation
Motivating students by extrinsic or external means; encouraging on-task behavior with promise of reward, praise, or avoidance of punishment.
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