Education [N-S]
Norm-referenced assessment
An assessment designed to measure and compare individual students' performances or test results to those of an appropriate peer group (that is, norm group) at the classroom, local, or national level. Students with the best performance on a given assessment receive the highest grades.
National language
Language spoken by a large part of the population of a country, which may or may not be designated an official language (i.e. a language designated by law to be employed in the public domain).
Non-formal education
Learning activities typically organized outside the formal education system. The term is generally contrasted with formal and informal education. In different contexts, non-formal education covers educational activities aimed at imparting adult literacy, basic education for out-of-school children and youth, life skills, work skills, and general culture. Such activities usually have clear learning objectives, but vary in duration, in conferring certification for acquired learning, and in organizational structure.
Number sense
An intuitive understanding of numbers, their magnitude, relationships, and how they are affected by operations.
Numeracy
Usually, the ability to add, subtract, multiply and divide. More broadly, it means the knowledge and skills required to effectively manage and respond to mathematical demands posed by diverse situations, involving objects, pictures, numbers, symbols, formulas, diagrams, maps, graphs, tables and text. Encompassing the ability to order and sort, count, estimate, compute, measure, and follow a model,it involves responding to information about mathematical ideas that may be represented in a range of ways.
Number theory
The study of the relationships and properties of integers, including prime numbers, sequences, etc.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Disorder characterized by obsessions (such as a fear of germs) and compulsions (such as hand-washing).
Occupational Education
Level of training less complex and theoretical than Professional Education but more so than Vocational Training, designed to prepare students for skilled crafts, usually but not always requiring licensure.
Oral history
A method of collecting historical information through recorded interviews with individuals who are willing to share their memories of the past.
Out-of-primary-school children
Children in the official primary school age range who are not enrolled in primary school.
Pedagogy
Methods of teaching and interaction employed by an instructor; may encourage students either in passive absorption of information or in active construction of meanings for course material.
Performance assessment
Assessment that measures student performance on concrete tasks or activities as opposed to standardized multiple-choice tests. Students are expected to apply a range of skills and knowledge to solve a problem. Assessment is based not only on the results of the task but also on the processes of task performance.
Phonics
The study of letter-sound relationships in reading and spelling. Phonics is used to teach letter-sound relationships to beginning readers by having them sound out words.
Professional Education
System of formal education that prepares novices for highly skilled occupations such as law, medicine, and engineering, through a combination of theory and practice culminating in an award of certification, licensure, or other formal credential.
Pupil
A child enrolled in pre-primary or primary education. Youth and adults enrolled at more advanced levels are often referred to as students.
Primary source
Original record or account of an event or topic that provides firsthand information. A primary source reflects the individual viewpoint of someone who observed or participated in the event or topic.
Proficiency
Minimum achievement required to demonstrate content mastery in a given subject area or at a given grade level.
Realia
Tangible and original objects or artifacts that can be used as instructional aids.
Research cycle
Research method that emphasizes information problem-solving and positions students as information producers (versus information consumers). Students repeatedly revisit stages in the research cycle as they refine data gathering processes.
Role-play
Teaching method wherein students pretend to be different characters and improvise a scene.
Scaffolding
An instructional technique in which a teacher breaks complex tasks into smaller component tasks, models the task, and creates links to students' existing knowledge. Scaffolding supports students in their learning until they are ready to pursue a task independently.
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